General fallacies
Generally fallacious ways of thinking that (often) lead to wrong results.
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(Fallacies of) Abstraction
The use of terms and concepts at an unjustified level of abstraction.
(Fallacies of) Ambiguity
Misconceptions that can arise because something can be interpreted in more than one way.
(Fallacies of) Generalization
Various forms of fallacies, where conclusions are drawn on the basis of inaccurate or insufficient information, or where general statements are illicitly applied to specific situations.
(Fallacies of) Relevancy
Arguments or forms of reasoning that seem plausible at first glance, but which may not actually contribute to the evaluation of a proposed position.
- Fallacy-Fallacy (Argumentum ad Logicam)
- Petitio principii (“presuppose what is yet to be proved”)
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(Fallacies of) Causality
Ways of thinking about causal relationships that can lead to misconceptions in the way that reality works.
See also: Causality in the glossary.
Epistemological (knowledge) fallacies
Various fallacies and misconceptions about what one knows or can know, and what constitutes knowledge in the first place.
Paralogisms
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These sections are still work inprogress and are regularly updated and expanded.