====== Modus Celaront ======

Form of a [[glossary:syllogism|syllogism]] based on the [[logic:inferences:modus_celarent:index|Modus Celarent]], in which a negative [[glossary:existential_quantification|existential]] proposition is inferred from positive and negative [[glossary:universal_quantification|universal]] premisses.

<aside float-right>
<figure>
<h3>Modus Celaront</h3>{{modus_celaront.svg?nolink|Modus Celaront}}<figcaption>Type ''EAO'', Figure ''1''<span noprint> [[app>#EA1O|Modus Celaront]]</span> \\ Parent: [[logic:inferences:modus_celarent:index|Celarent]]</figcaption>
</figure>
</aside>

> No <abbr "middle term">M</abbr> is <abbr "major term">P</abbr>.
> All <abbr "minor term">S</abbr> are <abbr "middle term">M</abbr>.
> [<i>and there exists at least one</i> <abbr "minor term">S</abbr>]*
> <span conclusio>Therefore, some <abbr "minor term">S</abbr> are not <abbr "major term">P</abbr>.</span>

For example:

> No <i>rectangle</i> is a <i>circle</i>.
> All <i>squares</i> are <i>rectangles</i>.
> [and there exists at least one <i>square</i>]*
> <span conclusio>Therefore, some <i>squares</i> are not <i>circles</i>.</span>

<aside box>
* **Note:** When an //existential// conclusion is inferred from //universal// premisses, this requires an (implicit or explicit) [[glossary:existential_import|existential import]], i.e. it must be proven that what the term refers to actually //exists//. In case of the //Modus Celaront// it is sufficient to prove existence for the //minor term// (<abbr "minor term">S</abbr>), as this also implies existence of <abbr "middle term">M</abbr>, while the conclusion does not rely on existence of <abbr "major term">P</abbr>.
</aside>

//Modus Camestros// is similar to [[logic:inferences:modus_celarent:modus_cesaro|Modus Cesaro]], the only difference is that the terms in the major statement are swapped.

===== Name =====

The name "Celaront" is a [[wp>Mnemonic|mnemonic]] term that helps to remember the most important characteristics of this mode: The "C" at the beginning indicates that it is related to the [[logic:inferences:modus_celarent:index|Modus Celarent]], the "a" and "e" mark the affirmative and negative [[glossary:universal_quantification|universal]] statements in the premisses, the "o" a negative [[glossary:existential_quantification|existential]] conclusion.

===== See also =====

  * [[glossary:existential_import|Existential import]]
  * [[glossary:existential_quantification|Existential quantification]]
  * [[logic:inferences:modus_celarent:index|Modus Celarent]]
  * [[glossary:syllogism|Syllogism]]
  * [[glossary:universal_quantification|Universal quantification]]

{{page>templates:banner#Short-BG-Logic&noheader&nofooter}}